{"id":39771,"date":"2021-11-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-16T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/kraler-etzold-ferreira-2\/"},"modified":"2025-01-22T17:54:17","modified_gmt":"2025-01-22T22:54:17","slug":"kraler-etzold-ferreira","status":"publish","type":"fmr_content","link":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/ar\/kraler-etzold-ferreira\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span>[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 – \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647- \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644<\/span><\/span>\u00bb <\/span><\/span>\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0624\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0640 <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b <\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>TRAFIG<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>[2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629- \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2004<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647<\/span><\/span> \u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 <\/span><\/span>\u0636\u0646\u0643<\/span><\/span> \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f .<\/span><\/span>[3]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0650\u0630\u064e \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0651\u0650\u0642\u064e \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064d \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0644<\/span><\/span>\u0627<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0647\u0648 <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/span>\u00bb. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u064a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d <\/span><\/span>– <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644- \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 <\/span><\/span>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627<\/span><\/span>\u064b<\/span><\/span> \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u062d\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span> \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 <\/span><\/span>25 <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0629\u064e \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621<\/span><\/span>\u00bb. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2020<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 <\/span><\/span>15.7 <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0623\u0648 <\/span><\/span>76% <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0629 <\/span><\/span>10 <\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>[4]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647- \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064f\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0650\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627- \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062c\u0650\u0644 \u0644\u064f\u0648\u0634\u0650\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0631 – \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2009 <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f- \u0623\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u00bb.<\/span><\/span>[5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649<\/span><\/span> \u2013 \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627- \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0642\u0648\u0649<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0644<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 (\u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626) \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 <\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/span>.[6]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>\u00bb <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u2013 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0651\u064d \u0646\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u062d\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span> \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 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\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u00bb. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span><\/span> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0651\u064e \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u2013 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643- \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647- \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064e \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span>.[8]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 <\/span><\/span>\u00ab<\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span>\u00bb <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0631<\/span><\/span> <\/strong>albert.kraler@donau-uni.ac.at<\/span><\/span><\/em> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0652\u0633 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0632\u064f\u0644\u062f <\/span><\/span>benjamin.etzold@bicc.de<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064c\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0650\u0632\u0627\u0639 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0641\u0650\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0629 <\/span><\/span>N.Ferreira@sussex.ac.uk<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0633\u0650\u0643\u0652\u0633<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f <\/span><\/span>33 <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2009 <\/span><\/span>\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a\u064d \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 www.fmreview.org\/protracted<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064c \u0633\u062e\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0623\u064f\u0641\u064f\u0642 <\/span><\/span>2020<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629\u064d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u0647\u0627 <\/span><\/span>822453. <\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0626\u062a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 <\/span><\/span>www.trafig.eu<\/span><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> www.unhcr.org\/excom\/standcom\/40c982172\/protracted-refugee-situations.html<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> UNHCR (2021) Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020<\/em><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(<\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0650\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2020)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 www.unhcr.org\/60b638e37\/unhcr-global-trends-2020<\/span><\/span><\/a>, p20<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2017<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <\/span><\/span>22% <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0626\u0630\u064d \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 <\/span><\/span>38 <\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648<\/span><\/span>51% <\/span><\/span>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 <\/span><\/span>10 <\/span><\/span>\u0648<\/span><\/span>38 <\/span><\/span>\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u062d\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2018<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0650\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2017<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 www.unhcr.org\/statistics\/unhcrstats\/5b27be547\/unhcr-global-trends-2017.html<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> (<\/span><\/span>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0650\u064a<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u062c\u0650\u0644 \u0644\u064f\u0648\u0634\u0650\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f <\/span><\/span>33<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span><\/span>2009<\/span><\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 www.fmreview.org\/protracted\/loescher-milner<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Etzold B, Belloni M, King R, Kraler A and Pastore F (2019) \u2018Transnational Figurations of Displacement: Conceptualising protracted displacement and translocal connectivity through a process-oriented perspective\u2019, TRAFIG working paper No 1, BICC, p2 \u201325<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(<\/span>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/span>: <\/span>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u064c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/trafig.eu\/output\/working-papers\/2019-01\/D011-TWP-Transnational-Figurations-of-Displacement-Etzold-et-al-2019-v02p-20190709.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

  Kraler A, Fourer M, Knudsen A, Kwaks J, Mielke K, Noack M, Tobin S and Wilson C (2020) \u2018Learning from the Past: Protracted displacement in the post-World War II period\u2019, TRAFIG working paper No 2. Bonn: BICC<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(<\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/span>: <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span>)<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/trafig.eu\/output\/working-papers\/trafig-working-paper-no-2<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Ferreira F et al (2020) \u2018Governing protracted displacement: An analysis across global, regional and domestic contexts\u2019, TRAFIG working paper No 3, BICC, p38<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(<\/span>\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f<\/span>: <\/span>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>)<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/trafig.eu\/output\/working-papers\/trafig-working-paper-no-3\/D031-TWP-Governing-Protracted-Displacement-Ferreira-et-al-2020-v03p-2021-06-22.pdf.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 68\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647<\/span><\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

www.fmreview.org\/ar\/externalisation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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