{"id":35600,"date":"2022-03-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-23T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ready-for-feedback3.com\/shape-history\/fmr\/nyandiko\/"},"modified":"2025-03-25T10:25:15","modified_gmt":"2025-03-25T15:25:15","slug":"nyandiko","status":"publish","type":"fmr_content","link":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/es\/climate-crisis\/nyandiko\/","title":{"rendered":"Disaster displacement and risk reduction strategies in IGAD"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Displacement as a result of disasters has been a recurring and growing problem in the IGAD region.<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">[1]<\/span><\/a> In 2020, the region witnessed approximately 2.3 million persons newly forcibly displaced by disasters: an average of 100,000 disaster-displaced persons per month. When properly designed and implemented, disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies should address the risk of displacement and, if it occurs, support the protection of and provision of durable solutions for displaced persons. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Disaster risk reduction strategies designed in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (for 2015\u20132030) form an essential pillar for reducing risk and building a society\u2019s resilience in the face of disaster and climate change risks. They should also clarify the roles and responsibilities of the wide range of stakeholders involved in disaster risk management. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Target E of the Sendai Framework required countries to substantially increase the number of local and national DRR strategies and plans by 2020, with a<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> ten-point scale used to assess the quality of their strategies and <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">plans. Analysis shows that all eight IGAD Member States have developed or are updating their DRR strategies, plans and related frameworks in line with the Sendai Framework. Kenya, Somalia and Uganda have updated their DRR frameworks. Sudan, Ethiopia, South Sudan and Djibouti are revising their plans while the progress Eritrea is making is unclear. Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan\u2019s strategies have more references to displacement and human mobility with documentation on how to manage displacement if it were to occur, while Kenya, Djibouti and Uganda policy frameworks make less reference to displacement and protection of the displaced. The contrast between the frameworks\u2019 incorporation of displacement issues can be seen in the following examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">Kenya\u2019s<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"> National Disaster Risk Management Policy of 2017 provides mechanisms for proactive management of risk through mitigation, preparedness and early response to crises. The policy refers to providing resources for disaster risk management and to allocating roles and responsibilities to various stakeholders but there is no reference to how this relates to displaced populations. The policy lists various disasters which lead to socio-economic losses but does not mention disaster displacement. Generally, the policy fails to articulate clear measures with reference to displacement, reducing displacement risk, and protecting those displaced by disasters. There is no mention of human mobility or evacuation measures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">Somalia<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"> is in final stages of finalising its National Disaster Management policy<em>.<\/em> The draft policy explicitly states that \u201cpreventing further displacement and dealing with those already displaced\u201d in the context of the country\u2019s multi-faceted crisis of protracted displacement is the biggest challenges in rebuilding Somalia. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">The policy makes it clear that \u201cfor all IDPs, it is essential for the State to provide them access to, and replacement of, personal and other documentation, and effective remedies for displacement-related violations\u201d. This is in line with Somalia\u2019s 2016 Disaster Management Establishment Law, which gives the Prime Minister\u2019s office the responsibility for protection for all those displaced by disasters. The policy further makes provision for the evacuation of vulnerable populations in anticipation of a disaster and for their inclusion in recovery programmes. State governments are obligated to \u201censure that relevant official records with respect to land titles, ownership and tenancy rights to properties, and ownership of bank accounts etc., are retrieved or reconstructed, if these were destroyed, as these will be crucial to individual household\u2019s recovery\u201d. The draft policy further notes that the process of building resilience to future disasters must also incorporate existing IDPs, who are often vulnerable to secondary displacement. Thus, the policy makes extensive references to migration, human mobility and displacement and measures to protect those displaced by disasters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">In <strong>South Sudan<\/strong>, the country\u2019s Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management is finalising the country\u2019s Disaster Risk Management Strategic Plan that gives some indication of its approach to disaster risk reduction and management. The policy notes that \u201cMigration and internal displacement of populations have escalated due to\u2026 disasters, climate change, extreme weather events and competition for livelihood opportunities\u201d and that rising temperatures have triggered changes in the pattern of movement for pastoralists. It details the particular vulnerability of those already displaced, both internally and across borders, pointing out that the likelihood of additional displacement is \u201cvery high\u201d, because of conflict and natural disasters in the region. Thus, the framework makes wide-ranging references to displacement and protection in context of disasters. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">Uganda<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"> has two frameworks guiding the country\u2019s DRR efforts: its National Disaster Preparedness and Management Policy of 2010 and its National Disaster Strategic Plan of 2018-2022. The frameworks provide for an institutional coordination arrangement and funding strategy but make no specific reference to disaster displacement. Uganda is developing an accompanying DRM Bill on disaster risk reduction which includes some important provisions relating to disaster displacement, such as conducting risk profiles and identifying disaster-prone areas. Specifically, it states that the government \u201cwill assist affected persons to resettle elsewhere under a voluntary arrangement\u201d. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">Conclusions and recommendations <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">This analysis shows that there continues to be a need for further reform of the development of DRR frameworks to ensure that both the risk of displacement and the protection needs of the displaced are adequately addressed. The diversity in use and application of displacement concepts across these countries appears to reflect varying levels of understanding, and suggests a need to build awareness at policy- and decision-making levels. With the exception of Somalia\u2019s policy, there is inadequate consideration of internal or cross-border displacement and protection needs of displaced people.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Countries should make use of the <em>Words into Action<\/em> (WiA) guidelines on disaster displacement and their associated checklist to ensure displacement risks and protection of displaced populations are more fully integrated.<a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">[2]<\/span><\/a> Countries such as Kenya and Uganda that have already developed their strategies but with limited integration of displacement may decide to develop an accompanying Annex to their framework to better integrate displacement in the context of disasters. Comprehensive risk assessment and systems for data collection for monitoring displacement should be reflected in the policy documents. Inclusion of measures relating to awareness raising, early warning systems, disaster preparedness and evacuations would help reduce the risk of disaster displacement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Nicodemus Omoyo Nyandiko <\/span><a href=\"mailto:nnyandiko@mmust.ac.ke\"><em>nnyandiko@mmust.ac.ke<\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/nomoyo2005?lang=ar\">@nomoyo2005<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Senior lecturer, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">[1]<\/span><\/a> <span lang=\"EN-US\">Nyandiko N and Freeman R (2020) <em>Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and Development Policies and their consideration of Displacement and Human Mobility in the IGAD Region<\/em> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/disasterdisplacement.org\/portfolio-item\/drr-cca-development-policies-and-disaster-displacement-human-mobility-in-igad\">https:\/\/disasterdisplacement.org\/portfolio-item\/drr-cca-development-policies-and-disaster-displacement-human-mobility-in-igad<\/a><span lang=\"EN-US\">;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> IGAD Member States are Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">[2]<\/span><\/span><\/a><span lang=\"EN-US\"> UNDRR (2018) <em>Words into Action: Disaster Displacement: How to reduce risk, address impacts and strengthen resilience<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.undrr.org\/publication\/words-action-guidelines-disaster-displacement\">www.undrr.org\/publication\/words-action-guidelines-disaster-displacement<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Displacement as a result of disasters has been a recurring and growing problem in the IGAD region.[1] In 2020, the region witnessed approximately 2.3 million persons newly forcibly displaced by disasters: an average of 100,000 disaster-displaced persons per month. When properly designed and implemented, disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies should address the risk of displacement&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":2145,"menu_order":0,"template":"","fmr_themes":[],"fmr_region":[],"fmr_issue":[117],"fmr_year":[],"fmr_content_type":[27],"fmr_languages":[36],"fmr_list_years":[571],"class_list":["post-35600","fmr_content","type-fmr_content","status-publish","hentry","fmr_issue-117","fmr_content_type-article","fmr_languages-english","fmr_list_years-571","entry","no-media"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Disaster displacement and risk reduction strategies in IGAD - Forced Migration Review<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/climate-crisis\/nyandiko\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Disaster displacement and risk reduction strategies in IGAD - Forced Migration Review\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Displacement as a result of disasters has been a recurring and growing problem in the IGAD region.[1] In 2020, the region witnessed approximately 2.3 million persons newly forcibly displaced by disasters: an average of 100,000 disaster-displaced persons per month. 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