{"id":35800,"date":"2018-10-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-10-03T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ready-for-feedback3.com\/shape-history\/fmr\/bermudez-temprosa-gonzalezbenson\/"},"modified":"2024-08-28T08:00:50","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T13:00:50","slug":"bermudez-temprosa-gonzalezbenson","status":"publish","type":"fmr_content","link":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/es\/guidingprinciples20\/bermudez-temprosa-gonzalezbenson\/","title":{"rendered":"A disaster approach to displacement: IDPs in the Philippines"},"content":{"rendered":"

A five-month armed encounter between State armed forces and the Islamic State-inspired Maute Group, which began in May 2017, displaced around 360,000 people from Marawi C<\/span>ity in Mindanao in the southern Philippines<\/span>. These internally d<\/span>isplaced persons (IDPs) <\/span>mainly sought refuge in evacuation <\/span>centres in neighbouring areas and <\/span>with family members outside Marawi. According to UN reports of August 2018, <\/span>over 320,000 IDPs have returned to areas declared <\/span>safe by the military but full rebuilding efforts are <\/span>still underway <\/span>and 69,412 IDPs remain in limbo.[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Philippines has no laws relating <\/span>specifically to IDPs. Instead, legal guidelines for the State\u2019s response in cases of <\/span>displacement are based on the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (PDRRMA).[2]<\/span><\/span><\/a> This <\/span>law reconfigures the traditional roles of national and local government agencies, giving them additional responsibility for disaster response. PDRRMA was hailed as a landmark when it was passed but the limitations of this framework are now evident. It is principally about structures rather than rights and standards, about response actors rather than displaced people, and this does not translate into systematic, efficient response; recovery efforts are still created on an ad hoc basis following disasters. Furthermore, it contains no rights language, except in its non-binding declarations. The lack of a <\/span>clear human rights<\/span>-based underpinning to this legal and institutional framework consequently <\/span>affects the ensuing planning processes and implementation of response.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Government use of certain disaster funds undergo long procurement and disbursement processes, delaying response provision. The PDRRMA has also provided guidance on the creation of special trust funds for emergency response to which local governments must transfer their unspent balance from previous years, yet some local governments fail to do so, further weakening local capacity to respond.[3]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

PDRRMA regulations forbid IDPs from selling relief goods in exchange for cash, although the goods provided can be of low quality and lack variety. Monitoring by the Philippines\u2019 Commission on Human Rights (CHR) shows that<\/span> needs for goods other than relief items were not being met. In addition, some IDPs said that some service providers threatened to \u2018blacklist\u2019 them from relief provision if they sold items they received. This contravenes Sphere minimum standards which state that IDPs should be allowed to sell goods received in exchange for basic necessities and cash.[4]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Some displaced communities did not have access to livelihood and cash-generating opportunities, hampering their capacity to recover from the crisis. Other evacuation sites did not have facilities for emergency health care. Women and girl IDPs also experienced heightened vulnerability \u2013 in particular, to sexual harassment and trafficking \u2013 given the lack of gender-sensitive arrangements in evacuation areas (where, for example, there are no partitions between men\u2019s and women\u2019s latrines which, in some areas, are adjacent to each other). IDPs\u2019 movements were restricted and they were frequently asked to present identification documents to authorities, even though their documents had often been lost or destroyed in flight. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Despite the rigid structures outlined by the PDRRMA, camp coordination mechanisms were problematic as there was confusion surrounding which government authorities should lead in coordinating efforts. Local host governments also did not have adequate resources to meet the needs of IDPs.[5]<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The national Task Force Bangon Marawi has stepped in to act as the inter-agency, multi-level body to oversee implementation of the response although it, too, has faced challenges. The task force emanates from the Bangon Marawi Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Recovery Program (BMCRRP), the main policy that guides efforts for addressing internal displacement stemming from the Marawi conflict (but which is yet to be fully executed). This task force was formed by President Duterte in July 2017 as an ad hoc response specific to the Marawi crisis, rather than in alignment with the PDRRMA.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The BMCRRP based its programming on post-conflict needs assessments and consultations from community voices \u2013 IDPs themselves as well as their representatives and other community stakeholders \u2013 in addition to local governments\u2019 and other stakeholders\u2019 plans. Taking account of the views of IDPs and of community stakeholders is a recognition of the importance of their perspectives for planning and successful implementation. However, the decision-making process remains top-down: these stakeholders did not form part of the institutional structure used to plan and operate the task force.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Marawi crisis response has been militarised from the start, or at least has a strong military presence. The Department of National Defense, which heads both the Task Force and the implementation of the PDRRMA through the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, is in charge of IDP rehabilitation and coordinating recovery efforts in Marawi. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Without specific rights, IDPs cannot readily claim particular entitlements from the government, demand concrete actions or engage in dialogue on the standards and quality of responses to displacement. More participative processes and more human rights commitments made at the institutional level could greatly improve the responses to internal displacement in this case. An approach that incorporates the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement has the potential to facilitate emergency response and rehabilitation that are efficient and compliant with human rights commitments. Laws on internal displacement have been drafted, including provisions \u2013 in line with the Guiding Principles \u2013 that would ensure IDPs\u2019 access to goods and services, and culpability for those responsible for arbitrary displacement. T<\/span>hose drafts, however, have languished in the Congress of the Philippines for around a decade. Sustained attention and involvement of nationally based human rights agencies and other actors, both local and international, are necessary to help to put such laws into effect. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Reinna Bermudez reinna.chr@gmail.com<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/em>
\nOfficer-in-Charge, Center for Crisis, Conflict, and Humanitarian Protection, of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) of the Philippines <\/span>http:\/\/chr.gov.ph\/<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/span> <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Francis Tom Temprosa temprosa@umich.edu<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/em>
\nDoctor of the Science of Law student, Michigan Grotius Fellow, University of Michigan Law School <\/span>www.law.umich.edu\/prospectivestudents\/graduate\/degreeprograms\/sjd\/Pages\/francis-tom-temprosa.aspx<\/em><\/span><\/span> <\/cite><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Odessa Gonzalez Benson odessagb@umich.edu<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/em>
\nAssistant Professor, School of Social Work and Detroit School of Urban Studies, University of Michigan https:\/\/ssw.umich.edu\/faculty\/profiles\/tenure-track\/odessagb<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/span><\/span><\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/philippines\/philippines-humanitarian-bulletin-issue-7-august-2018<\/a><\/span><\/span>  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/span><\/span><\/a> www.officialgazette.gov.ph\/2010\/05\/27\/republic-act-no-10121\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>[3]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Commission on Audit Report on DRRM Fund (2016) <\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Sphere Project Minimum Standards in Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion , Guidance Note 4, p95 www.spherehandbook.org\/content\/pages\/en\/6.minimum-standards-in-water-supply-sanitation-and-hygiene-promotion.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/span><\/span><\/a> The CHR has been undertaking monitoring activities in areas affected by the Marawi crisis, conducted jointly through regional offices of the Commission and the Regional Human Rights Commission of the regional government covering Marawi. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A five-month armed encounter between State armed forces and the Islamic State-inspired Maute Group, which began in May 2017, displaced around 360,000 people from Marawi City in Mindanao in the southern Philippines. These internally displaced persons (IDPs) mainly sought refuge in evacuation centres in neighbouring areas and with family members outside Marawi. 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