{"id":39912,"date":"2018-07-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-07-17T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/peromingo-pieterson-2\/"},"modified":"2025-03-17T08:25:11","modified_gmt":"2025-03-17T13:25:11","slug":"peromingo-pieterson-2","status":"publish","type":"fmr_content","link":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/es\/economies-ar\/peromingo-pieterson-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\"><span><span><span><span><span><span lang=\"AR-JO\"><span>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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dir=\"RTL\"><span><span><span><span><span><span lang=\"AR-JO\"><span><span>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\"><span>\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span><span><span><span><span><span lang=\"AR-JO\"><span>\u0645\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0648 <\/span><\/span><a href=\"mailto:Miguel.peromingo@gmail.com\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"NL-BE\"><span>Miguel.peromingo@gmail.com<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/a><br \/>\n<span lang=\"AR-JO\"><span>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span><span><span><span><span><span lang=\"AR-JO\"><span>\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 <\/span><\/span><a href=\"mailto:willem@pieterson.com\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"NL-BE\"><span>willem@pieterson.com<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/a><br \/>\n<span lang=\"AR-JO\"><span>\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span><span><span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/cfes.bms.utwente.nl\/\">https:\/\/cfes.bms.utwente.nl<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span><span><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><span><span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span><span><span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span><span>[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span>Van Dijk J A G M (2005) <em>The Deepening Divide<\/em><\/span><\/span><em><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"AR-JO\"><span>:<\/span><\/span><\/em> <em><span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span>Inequality in the information society<\/span><\/span><\/em><span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span>, SAGE<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span><span><span><span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"><span>(<em>\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b: \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/em>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span><span><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><span><span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span><span><span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span><span>[2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span>Van Deursen A J A M, Helsper E J and Eynon R (2016) \u2018Development and validation of the internet Skills Scale (ISS)\u2019 <em>Information, Communication and Society <\/em>19(6)<em> <\/em>pp 804-823<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span><span><span><span><span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">(\u2019\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u2018 \u0641\u064a <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639<\/em>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span><span>&nbsp;<span><span><span dir=\"RTL\" lang=\"NL-BE\"><span><a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/64485\/\">http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/64485\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"NL-BE\"><span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.[1] \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":42705,"menu_order":0,"template":"","fmr_themes":[],"fmr_region":[],"fmr_issue":[106],"fmr_year":[],"fmr_content_type":[27],"fmr_languages":[35],"fmr_list_years":[567],"class_list":["post-39912","fmr_content","type-fmr_content","status-publish","hentry","fmr_issue-106","fmr_content_type-article","fmr_languages-arabic","fmr_list_years-567","entry","no-media"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a - Forced Migration Review<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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