Decades of armed conflict in Colombia have displaced more than three million people, primarily in rural areas – indigenous communities, people of African descent and small farmers. In 2009 the national forum of the Constitutional Court of Colombia, in a sitting following ruling T-025 of 2004 that declared displacement to be an “unconstitutional state of affairs”, declared that the state’s response to the crisis had been neither integrated nor coordinated.
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Decades of armed conflict in Colombia have displaced more than three million people, primarily in rural areas \u2013 indigenous communities, people of African descent and small farmers. In 2009 the national forum of the Constitutional Court of Colombia, in a sitting following ruling T-025 of 2004 that declared displacement to be an \u201cunconstitutional state of affairs\u201d, declared that the state\u2019s response to the crisis had been neither integrated nor coordinated. Particular attention was called to issues of access to rights among the displaced population including the problems of restitution of land, home and income.1<\/font><\/u><\/a><\/p>\n Given the lack of effective action by the state, displaced people have resorted to collective actions \u2013 known as \u2018de facto procedures\u2019 \u2013 such as protests and occupations in order to raise awareness of their situation and to demand fulfilment of their rights.<\/p>\n The action that gained the most media coverage was the occupation in 2009 of the Tercer Milenio (Third Millennium) Park in the country\u2019s capital, Bogot\u00e1. The occupation involved 2,000 displaced people from all over the country and lasted for six months, ending only \u2013 on 2 August \u2013 when protest leaders signed an agreement with the government and the Mayor of Bogot\u00e1 that included commitments on economic support and access to livelihood projects.<\/p>\n On 21 July, in the southwest of the country, protesters in the district of Buenaventura took over buildings belonging to the district government\u2019s Unit for Attention and Guidance of displaced persons, following its failure to fulfil economic aid commitments made by national government and in protest against its poor treatment of displaced people of African descent. Nemesio Quinto, one of the leaders, said: \u201cWe need help to reintegrate displaced people into society. We are still in the same condition as in 1998; we live in total poverty.\u201d2<\/font><\/u><\/a> The occupation lasted 11 days until an agreement was finally signed with Acci\u00f3n Social3<\/font><\/u><\/a> and the Mayor\u2019s Office of the municipality of Buenaventura, where these two institutions made commitments to provide the necessary assistance.<\/p>\n Around the same date, 23 July, some 500 displaced families occupied land in Santa Marta (capital of the department of Magdalena), demanding their right to housing but also complaining of a lack of care and delays in the provision of subsidies and aid. The occupation lasted a month, during which time the police attempted to remove them on two occasions. When an international agency started negotiations to build some homes, the Mayor’s Office of Santa Marta opposed their plans, stating that no land was available and that the displaced people had taken this property from a coal company. It appeared, however, that \u201cexisting documents indicate that the Mayor’s Office currently owns that land although [Colombian coal company] Prodeco is interested in establishing a dry coal depot on the site.\u201d4<\/font><\/u><\/a><\/p>\n In Medell\u00edn (capital of the departament of Antioqu\u00eda), on 29 August several displaced people occupied the cathedral demanding humanitarian aid and access to land and education. The occupation lasted just one day before an agreement was reached with Acci\u00f3n Social for them to leave the cathedral and meet for further discussion of their demands. \u201cWe have resorted to de facto procedures to make them listen to us,\u201d said Francisco Eugenio Pedroso, one of the leaders.5<\/font><\/u><\/a><\/p>\n Those demonstrating have usually exhausted the legal pathways open to them and are acting from desperation. These protests seem to have achieved little in the long term, however. Although the protests may have increased awareness of the problems faced by the displaced, it is fairly clear that negotiations with the protest leaders aimed only to remove them and to return the occupied locations in the cities to \u2018peace\u2019 and \u2018security.\u2019 The \u2018solutions\u2019 provided for the protesters were aid-based and did nothing to tackle the underlying problems such as the re-establishment or restitution of land, access to housing and income generation. National government needs to do far more if these issues are to be resolved, people\u2019s rights respected and people\u2019s livelihoods restored.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Freddy A Guerrero (tibacuyes@yahoo.es) is National Advocacy Coordinator with the Jesuit Refugee Service, Colombia, and Estefan\u00eda Vanegas (estefaniavanegas@gmail.com) teaches at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogot\u00e1 and also works on a voluntary basis for the Jesuit Refugee Service, Colombia (http:\/\/www.sjrlac.org\/<\/font><\/u><\/a>).<\/p>\n 1<\/font><\/u><\/a> \u2018Manejo del desplazamiento por parte de Acci\u00f3n Social recibi\u00f3 cr\u00edticas de la Corte Constitucional\u2019,El Tiempo<\/em>, 11 July 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n