The kinds of participatory \u2018hanging out\u2019 techniques Rodgers advocates have played an important part in the development of knowledge about forced migration. Our purpose is not, therefore, to dismiss qualitative or exploratory approaches, or to demand an unmitigated shift away from qualitative methods. Rather, we call on policy-oriented researchers to develop and refine a set of standards that apply equally to qualitative and quantitative methods. The research community must work together to articulate standards and to recognise that what we can and should do with our research is fundamentally dependent on how we conduct it.<\/p>\n
We are not advocating a single approach to data collection in forced migration research but do call for researchers to abide by a set of general research standards. Data collected for the purpose of influencing policy should be representative of the affected population and, ideally, allow for comparisons across groups and sites. Doing otherwise heightens the risk that policy recommendations will result in strategies that are ineffective or harmful to beneficiaries or other affected groups.<\/p>\n
Standards of transparency, replicability and representativeness need to be combined with awareness of ethical standards able to promote the security of dignity both of researchers and those with whom we engage.<\/p>\n
Transparency allows other researchers to critique indicators, data collection techniques and logical assumptions. Replicability enables others to use a study\u2019s methods and confirm or challenge its findings and allows for comparative analysis, theory building and the search for generalised patterns of cause and effect. Representativeness not only improves the quality of description and analysis but also helps ensure that recommendations lead to policies that will be universally beneficial \u2013 rather than exclusively benefiting a studied sub-group.<\/p>\n
The risk that Rodgers ascribes to quantitative or macro-comparative research \u2013 that questions shaped by arrogant researchers will favour the interests of governments, aid agencies and western academics over those of forced migrants \u2013 are real but can be avoided. There is no reason that \u2018objective\u2019 data need serve the need of the powerful. Methods such as representative sampling techniques do not require uncritically importing variables, questions or interview techniques. Even large-scale surveys can, and often do, employ participatory approaches to generate hypotheses, questions and analytic categories.<\/p>\n
The approach we advocate, and employ in our own research, calls for extensive review of existing \u2018local knowledge\u2019 (whether verbal or in print) and field-testing of concepts, questions and interview instruments. Using focus groups, key informants and pilot studies to identify the communities\u2019 concerns can lead to locally relevant instruments. Field and community testing helps expose inappropriate concepts, untenable questions and ineffective interview techniques. Working with local groups to help explain survey results further improves the findings\u2019 validity.<\/p>\n
Those who spend months or years \u2018hanging out\u2019 are effectively unassailable because they claim a \u2018deep knowledge\u2019 that is inaccessible to outsiders. A claim to having been adopted by a family, village or other group is an extreme technique of promoting one\u2019s exclusive right to speak on their behalf. Such deep, personal involvement may also encourage researchers to employ data collection practices that are themselves illegal, which expose networks and practices that heighten forced migrants\u2019 existing vulnerabilities, or unduly value the experiences of one group over another. These risks can be averted if forced migration researchers adopt a practice already common in the social sciences: making data sets public and making data collection methods explicit.<\/p>\n
Aid agencies, policy makers and academics all use knowledge in ways which provide strong incentives for presenting research as definitive and the researcher as \u2018expert.\u2019 Doing so is often a prerequisite for winning policy influence, research grants, consultancies and professorships. There are also incentives for hiding faulty data or making claims that are relatively unsubstantiated. In order to ensure the field\u2019s continued academic viability and ability to ethically influence policy we must insist on rigorous research methodologies. Ultimately, it will only be by recognising the politics and processes of producing and consuming knowledge that we can conduct more effective and ethical policy-oriented research.<\/p>\n
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Loren Landau is Acting Director, Forced Migration Studies Programme, University of the Witwatersrand (http:\/\/migration.wits.ac.za<\/a>). Email: landaul@migration.wits.ac.za<\/a>. Karen Jacobsen directs the Refugees and Forced Migration Program at the Feinstein International Famine Center, Tufts University, Boston (http:\/\/famine.tufts.edu\/work\/refugees.html<\/a>). Email: karen.jacobsen@tufts.edu<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n