{"id":39809,"date":"2022-08-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/davies-elderfield-2\/"},"modified":"2025-03-19T09:50:38","modified_gmt":"2025-03-19T14:50:38","slug":"davies-elderfield","status":"publish","type":"fmr_content","link":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/fr\/issue70-ar\/davies-elderfield\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">MEAL <\/span><span lang=\"AR-EG\">.<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 &#8211; \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645- \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644 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lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 <\/span><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">CLEAR<\/span><\/em><span lang=\"AR-JO\"> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629) <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 [\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644] \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 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\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631.<\/span> <a id=\"_ednref2\" href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[2]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647 &#8211; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0650\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646\u061f<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a <\/span>\u00a0<span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">MSNAs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">CLEAR<\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\"> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 [\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f].<\/span> <a id=\"_ednref3\" href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[3]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">MEAL<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627- \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627.<\/span> <a id=\"_ednref4\" href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[4]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u061f<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644<\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">\u0650<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0639\u0648\u0646] \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">[\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629]&#8221; \u2013 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0650\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 &#8211; \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 [\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a]\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 [\u0628\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629]\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">MEAL<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u0648\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631&#8221; <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">\u2018<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">stigmatisation\u2019<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629&#8221;<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">\u2018<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">trauma\u2019<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">\u0644\u0647\u0627 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u0630\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631&#8221; \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span> <a id=\"_ednref5\" href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[5]<\/span><\/a> \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629] \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629- \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">MEAL<\/span> \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629- \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646 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\u0641\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0644<\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\"> \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 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dir=\"LTR\">MEAL<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 [\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627] \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 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\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c (\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">MSNA<\/span> ) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 <span dir=\"LTR\">REACH<\/span> \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 <span dir=\"LTR\">CLEAR <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 [\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d]. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629].<\/span> <a id=\"_ednref9\" href=\"#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[9]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062a\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 &#8211; \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629- \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a [\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636] \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 [\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627].<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0632 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Daniel Davies<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">) <\/span><a href=\"mailto:dnledvs@gmail.com\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"FR\">dnledvs@gmail.com<\/span><\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Daniel_E_Davies\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"FR\">@Daniel_E_Davies<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c<\/span> <span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 <\/span><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">CLEAR<\/span><\/em><span lang=\"AR-EG\"> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Emily Elderfield<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">) <\/span><a href=\"mailto:emily.elderfield@clearglobal.org\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\">emily.elderfield@clearglobal.org<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c <\/span><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 <\/span><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">CLEAR<\/span><\/em><span lang=\"AR-EG\"> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span dir=\"LTR\">\u00a0 [1]<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0650 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">[2] <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0641\u064a 2018 \u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629: \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/span><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">CLEAR Global <\/span><\/em><span lang=\"AR-EG\">) <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 24 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 78\u066a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629&#8221;. <\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (2018) \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627: \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/enumerator-comprehension\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/enumerator-comprehension<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a id=\"_edn3\" href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[3]<\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629: \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/translatorswithoutborders.org\/language-data-by-country\/\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/translatorswithoutborders.org\/language-data-by-country\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a id=\"_edn4\" href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[4]<\/a><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f <\/span><em><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a [\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629] \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/language-questions\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/language-questions<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2021) \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/language-data-guide\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/language-data-guide<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a id=\"_edn5\" href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[5]<\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f (\u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 2019) <em>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0627: \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631 [\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/Rohingya-language-gender\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/Rohingya-language-gender<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a id=\"_edn6\" href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[6]<\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">ACAPS<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 (\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2021) <em>\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627<\/em>: <em>\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 <\/em><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/Rohingya-experiences-recommendations\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/Rohingya-experiences-recommendations<\/span><\/a><span dir=\"LTR\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2021) <em>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/ethnicity-interviewer-effects\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/ethnicity-interviewer-effects<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a id=\"_edn7\" href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[7]<\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 <\/span><em><span dir=\"LTR\">TWB<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/translatorswithoutborders.org\/twb-glossaries\/\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/translatorswithoutborders.org\/twb-glossaries\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a id=\"_edn8\" href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[8]<\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 [\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a] \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 (2021) \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">SEAH<\/span><span lang=\"AR-EG\">) <\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/language-SEAH-ar\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/language-SEAH-ar<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a id=\"_edn9\" href=\"#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[9]<\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0628\u060c \u0625\u064a (2018) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 59<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/language-guiding-principles-ar\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/language-guiding-principles-ar<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629[1] \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645MEAL . \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 &#8211; \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645- \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":36746,"menu_order":0,"template":"","fmr_themes":[],"fmr_region":[],"fmr_issue":[263],"fmr_year":[],"fmr_content_type":[27],"fmr_languages":[35],"fmr_list_years":[571],"class_list":["post-39809","fmr_content","type-fmr_content","status-publish","hentry","fmr_issue-263","fmr_content_type-article","fmr_languages-arabic","fmr_list_years-571","entry","no-media"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 - Forced Migration Review<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/issue70-ar\/davies-elderfield\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 - Forced Migration Review\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629[1] \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645MEAL . \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 &#8211; \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645- \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644.&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/issue70-ar\/davies-elderfield\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Forced Migration Review\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-19T14:50:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/issue70-ar\/davies-elderfield\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/issue70-ar\/davies-elderfield\/\",\"name\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 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