{"id":39813,"date":"2022-08-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/silver-oyat-kim-ismail-2\/"},"modified":"2025-03-19T09:57:03","modified_gmt":"2025-03-19T14:57:03","slug":"silver-oyat-kim-ismail","status":"publish","type":"fmr_content","link":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/fr\/issue70-ar\/silver-oyat-kim-ismail\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628&#8221;(Dadaab)\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a 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lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627\u060c\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064e\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">BHER<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">). \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627 (\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644) \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">BHER<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627 (\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645) \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">BHER<\/span> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 <span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">NGOs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">BHER<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628&#8221; (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Dadaab<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">) \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2022\u060c 18 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064810 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">MEd<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">) \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646<\/span> <span dir=\"LTR\">BHER<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 (15) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">UNHCR<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><a href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[3]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"AR-EG\">.<\/span> \u00a0<span lang=\"AR-JO\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span> <span dir=\"LTR\">Oyat<\/span> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Ismail <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">DRA<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">)<\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">\u060c<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 <\/span>\u00a0<span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">RLO<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Dadaab<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">DRA<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/span> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645<\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Silver<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Kim<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 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lang=\"AR-EG\">\u0642\u062f <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">ROLs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-JO\">. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f &#8211; \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 &#8211; \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">RLOs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0647).<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Silver<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">Kim<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0646\u062d\u0646 (\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645) \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">DRA<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 (\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644) \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">RLOs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">RLO<\/span> \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. <a href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[6]<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">PI<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629&#8221;. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0639.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">RLOs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 <\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">RLOs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0629<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">IPs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\"> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0631\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0631 <\/span><a href=\"mailto:resilver@edu.yorku.ca\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\">resilver@edu.yorku.ca<\/span><\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">BHER<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><a href=\"mailto:mark01oyat@gmail.com\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\">mark01oyat@gmail.com<\/span><\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/okellooyat\">@OkelloOyat<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/span><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u060c <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">DRA<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0645<\/span><a href=\"mailto:haeunkim@yorku.ca\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\">haeunkim@yorku.ca<\/span><\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/borderlessedu?lang=en\">@BorderlessEdu<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">(<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">BHER<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u0633\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 <\/span><a href=\"mailto:nadarbuuni@gmail.com\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\">nadarbuuni@gmail.com<\/span><\/em><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/SahraMohamed\/with_replies\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">@SahraMohamed<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/span><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u060c <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\">DRA<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[1]<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/opensocietyuniversitynetwork.org\/research\/fellowships\/\">https:\/\/opensocietyuniversitynetwork.org\/research\/fellowships\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/research-fellowships\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/research-fellowships<\/a><span dir=\"LTR\"> ; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mastercardfdn.org\/mastercard-foundation-scholars-program-commitment-to-education-for-refugees\/\">https:\/\/mastercardfdn.org\/mastercard-foundation-scholars-program-commitment-to-education-for-refugees\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/mastercard-scholars-program\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/mastercard-scholars-program<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[2]<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/carleton.ca\/lerrn\/\">https:\/\/carleton.ca\/lerrn\/<\/a><span dir=\"LTR\">; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.refugee-economies.org\/our-work-21-24\/refugee-led-research-hub\">https:\/\/www.refugee-economies.org\/our-work-21-24\/refugee-led-research-hub<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/refugee-economies-rlrh\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/refugee-economies-rlrh<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[3]<\/span><\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\"> BHER <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">: <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bher.org\/research\">www.bher.org\/research<\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[4]<\/span><\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 31 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[5]<\/span><\/a><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 (2019) &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0646: \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u063a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0621!&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 <em>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 60<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/localisation-usen-ar\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/localisation-usen-ar<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/ar\/education-displacement\/usen\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/ar\/education-displacement\/usen<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\"><span dir=\"LTR\">[6]<\/span><\/a> <span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 (2020) &#8220;\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/publications\/brochures\/61b28c1f4\/refugee-led-innovation-fund-concept-note.html\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/publications\/brochures\/61b28c1f4\/refugee-led-innovation-fund-concept-note.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/refugee-led-innovation\"><span dir=\"LTR\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/refugee-led-innovation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0651\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629. [1] \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":36746,"menu_order":0,"template":"","fmr_themes":[],"fmr_region":[],"fmr_issue":[263],"fmr_year":[],"fmr_content_type":[27],"fmr_languages":[35],"fmr_list_years":[571],"class_list":["post-39813","fmr_content","type-fmr_content","status-publish","hentry","fmr_issue-263","fmr_content_type-article","fmr_languages-arabic","fmr_list_years-571","entry","no-media"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a &quot;\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628&quot;(Dadaab)\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 - Forced Migration Review<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/issue70-ar\/silver-oyat-kim-ismail\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a &quot;\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0628&quot;(Dadaab)\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 - Forced Migration Review\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0651\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629. 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