{"id":39816,"date":"2022-08-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/akkad-2\/"},"modified":"2025-03-19T10:02:44","modified_gmt":"2025-03-19T15:02:44","slug":"akkad","status":"publish","type":"fmr_content","link":"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/fr\/issue70-ar\/akkad\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646: \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u00a0 \u0645\u0646\u0630 11 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 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dir=\"LTR\">CARA<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">) <em>\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/em> (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">IIE<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">) \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u2013\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646-\u00a0 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-AU\">NGOs<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-AU\">Kaldor<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">) \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 <\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 (<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\">CARA<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">)<\/span><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-US\"> .<\/span><span lang=\"AR-EG\">\u0648<\/span><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\">\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0651\u0627\u062f <\/span><a href=\"mailto:a.akkad@warwick.ac.uk\"><em><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-AU\">a.akkad@warwick.ac.uk<\/span><\/em><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AhmadAkkad_\"><span dir=\"LTR\" lang=\"EN-AU\">@AhmadAkkad<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p dir=\"RTL\"><span lang=\"AR-SA\">\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u00a0 \u0645\u0646\u0630 11 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d 6.8 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b &#8211; \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u2013 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":36746,"menu_order":0,"template":"","fmr_themes":[],"fmr_region":[],"fmr_issue":[263],"fmr_year":[],"fmr_content_type":[27],"fmr_languages":[35],"fmr_list_years":[571],"class_list":["post-39816","fmr_content","type-fmr_content","status-publish","hentry","fmr_issue-263","fmr_content_type-article","fmr_languages-arabic","fmr_list_years-571","entry","no-media"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646: \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 - Forced Migration Review<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/issue70-ar\/akkad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u0648\u0646: \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 - Forced Migration Review\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u00a0 \u0645\u0646\u0630 11 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d 6.8 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b &#8211; \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u2013 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.fmreview.org\/issue70-ar\/akkad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Forced Migration Review\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-19T15:02:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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