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Europe’s climate crisis is fuelling extreme weather, displacement and fragility. Technocratic relocation fails to acknowledge human attachment, cultural memory or the role of inequality. True adaptation demands justice, which means recognising the invisible fault lines that shape vulnerability, resilience and belonging.Europe’s climate crisis is fuelling extreme weather, displacement and fragility. Technocratic relocation fails to acknowledge human attachment, cultural memory or the role of inequality. True adaptation demands justice, which means recognising the invisible fault lines that shape vulnerability, resilience and belonging.

 Incorporating locally appropriate means of communication and deliberation into decision-making around planned relocation gives agency to affected communities, as case studies from Vietnam and Peru demonstrate.

As climate change reshapes Mongolia’s environment, herders are being pushed to cities – not by sudden disaster, but through slow erosion of options. Their stories challenge dominant ideas of choice, agency and what counts as ‘displacement’.